ABSTRACT

Blood donation is a vital healthcare practice that saves lives, yet it triggers complex physiological responses in donors. This study delved into the intricate immune dynamics associated with blood donation by examining the changes in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) cytokine levels among blood donors in the urban setting of Benin City. The investigation aimed to uncover the roles of these pro-inflammatory markers and their potential associations with demographic factors. Thirty (30) blood donors were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Blood samples were collected longitudinally before and after donation. IL-6 and TNF-α levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from Quantikine ELISA Human Immunoassay kit (USA & Canada -R&D Systems, Inc.). Demographic variables such as age, gender, and donor history were also recorded through the use of an administered questionnaire. The findings revealed that IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher in post-donation after pre-donation (p < 0.001). Before donation, the mean cytokine level of the participants was taken as the baseline reference range and was found to be 2.047 ± 0.732pg/mL and 1.290±0.3356pg/mL for IL-6 and TNF-α levels respectively. An hour after donation, mean IL-6 and TNF-α levels were found to have risen to 40.670±12.518 pg/mL and 10.520 ± 2.6950pg/mL respectively. Correlation analyses (Kruskal-Wallis test) revealed a statistically significant association between donor age and changes in IL-6 (p < 0.01) and TNF-α level (p < 0.05). The t-test comparing both IL-6 and TNF-α levels between male and female donors found no statistically significant difference (p >0.05). Donor history (p<0.05) showed significance association with changes in both IL-6 and TNF-α levels with first-time donors having higher IL-6 levels compared to previous donors. In conclusion, this study offers comprehensive insights into the immune responses triggered by blood donation, with a specific focus on IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine dynamics. The observed cytokine changes and their associations with age and donor history underscore the intricate immune mechanisms involved in blood donation as a physiological stressor. These findings hold implications for tailored donor management and safety protocols. Vigilant monitoring and tailored aftercare, particularly for first-time donors is therefore recommended at our blood banks. This will ensure donor well-being in the light of potential robust cytokine reactions.