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ABSTRACT
This study investigated the concentrations of arsenic, lead, chromium, and oxidative stress status in pumpkin leaves (Telfairia occidentalis) obtained from Uselu and Ikpoba Hill markets in Benin City. Vegetable samples were collected using random sampling techniques and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations and oxidative stress markers. The methodology involved sample preparation, digestion, and analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for heavy metals and enzymatic assays for oxidative stress markers. The major findings revealed that all heavy metal concentrations, including arsenic, lead (0.07±0.03 mg/kg), and chromium (0.39±0.11 mg/kg for Uselu Market; 0.47±0.29 mg/kg for Ikpoba Hill Market), were within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for permissible limits. Additionally, the analysis of oxidative stress markers showed variations between the two markets, with Uselu Market exhibiting higher catalase (CAT) (0.12±0.04) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (4.84±0.20) activities compared to Ikpoba Hill Market. However, both markets demonstrated slightly elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation in pumpkin leaves. These findings suggest that pumpkin leaves from both Uselu and Ikpoba Hill markets are generally safe for consumption in terms of heavy metal contamination. However, consumers should be aware of potential variations in antioxidant defense mechanisms and oxidative stress levels between different markets. Based on the higher CAT and GPx activities observed in Uselu Market samples, it may be advisable for consumers to prefer pumpkin leaves from this market to potentially obtain better protection against oxidative stress-related health risks. Nevertheless, further research is recommended to explore additional factors such as pesticide residues, microbial contamination, and agricultural practices to ensure comprehensive food safety and quality standards in urban agricultural settings. The Hazard Quotients (HQ) for lead in pumpkins from Ikpoba Hill (0.0129) and Uselu (0.0141) markets suggest low health risks associated with lead exposure, while the HQ values for chromium in Ikpoba Hill (1.31) and Uselu (0.97) markets indicate a potential health risk due to chromium contamination in pumpkins from Ikpoba Hill
