Antidiabetic and Antioxidant effect of Phyllantus amarus in TYPE 2 DIABETES in Drosophilia

ABSTRACT

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder defined by increased levels of circulating blood sugar (hyperglycemia) caused by abnormal insulin secretion and/or signaling. Diabetes mellitus is divided into type 1 and type 2, a division that reflects the cause of the metabolic Dysfunction. There is increasing evidence that complications related to diabetes are associated with oxidative stress, induced by the generation of free radicals. The plant, Phyllanthus amarus have antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster is a highly suitable system to model type 2 diabetes because mechanisms of glucose homeostasis are conserved between flies and humans, and it allows for substantial ease of experimental and genetic manipulation in comparison to rodent models. This study was done to find out the antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of P. Amarus in Type 2 diabetic D.melanogaster flies.Both genders of D.melanogaster flies(Harwich strain) of 1-3 days old were divided into four groups with each group containing 50 flies. Group 1 served as control and the flies were treated with basal diet. Group 2 flies were fed with 30% high sucrose diet. Group 3 flies were fed with 30% high sucrose diet and 40Mm P. amarus. Group 4 flies were fed with 30% high sucrose diet and 40mM silymarin. The flies were monitored under a natural photoperiod of about 12 hours light and 12 hours dark daily for a period of 21 days and was replicated 5 times. The flies were monitored daily and the survival was done. At the end of the survival study, the flies were anesthetized, weighed, homogenized and centrifuged and the supernatants were used for the various biochemical analysis. The biochemical parameters include Protein, Catalase (CAT), Nitric Oxide (N.O); glutathione-s-transferase (gst), hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), glutathione (gsh) and glucose. The results were presented as mean ± standard deviation. The results showed that there was decrease in percentage survival rate in flies treated with 30% High Sucrose diet and phyllantus amarus and increase in percentage survival rate in flies treated with 30% High Sucrose diet and P.Amarus. There was a significant increase in glucose in high sucrose diet fed flies compared to control. There was a significant reduction in glucose in flies fed with 30% HSD and p.amarus when compared with the HSD fed flies (p<0.05). There is a significant increase (p<0.05) in H₂O₂ levels in flies fed with high sucrose diet when compared with the control. There was a significant improvement in catalase acivity in flies treated with both P.Amarus and high sucrose diet. There is a significant increase (p>0.05) in GSH in flies fed with 30% HSD and P.amarus compared with the HSD fed flies. There is a significant increase (p>0.05) in GST in flies fed with 30% HSD and silymarin compared with the HSD fed flies. P.amarus was able to reduce nitric oxide and its inflammatory activity. Conclusively, P. amarus exerts potent antidiabetic effect on diabetic D.melanogaster flies(Harwich strain) and there is increased activity of ROS in High sucrose diet fruit flies and as the ROS activity increases the antioxidant enzymes activity reduces.